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Abstract

The flexible and efficient adaptation to dynamic, rapid changes in the auditory environment likely involves generating and updating of internal models. Such models arguably exploit connections between the neocortex and the cerebellum, supporting proactive adaptation. Here, we tested whether temporo-cerebellar disconnection is associated with the processing of sound at short timescales. First, we identify lesion-specific deficits for the encoding of short timescale spectro-temporal non-speech and speech properties in patients with left posterior temporal cortex stroke. Second, using lesion-guided probabilistic tractography in healthy participants, we revealed bidirectional temporo-cerebellar connectivity with cerebellar dentate nuclei and crura I/II. These findings support the view that the encoding and modeling of rapidly modulated auditory spectro-temporal properties can rely on a temporo-cerebellar interface. We discuss these findings in view of the conjecture that proactive adaptation to a dynamic environment via internal models is a generalizable principle.

Research organism: Human

Introduction

Current theories of motor control postulate that the cerebellum plays a foundational role in monitoring motor performance and its sensory consequences (Wolpert et al., 1995; Wolpert and Miall, 1996). This important concept has been extended to anticipatory sensory and cognitive processes (Ito, 2008; Ramnani, 2006). In this view, cortico-cerebellar interfaces implement essential properties of motor and non-motor (internal) models, that is, representations that can be used to anticipate future events, thereby maximizing the precision of motor, sensory, and cognitive performance (Ito, 2008). A particularly salient attribute of such models, under active study, concerns timing. The cerebellar timing hypothesis claims that the cerebellum encodes the precise temporal locus of sensory events (Ivry et al., 2002; Spencer and Ivry, 2013), with potential asymmetri

American actor (1925–1989)

Clarence LeRoy Van Cleef Jr. (January 9, 1925 – December 16, 1989) was an American actor. He appeared in over 170 film and television roles in a career spanning nearly 40 years, but is best known as a star of spaghetti Westerns, particularly the Sergio Leone-directed Dollars Trilogy films, For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). In 1983, he received a Golden Boot Award for his contribution to the Western film and television genre.

Van Cleef served in the United States Navy during World War II aboard a minesweeper, earning a Bronze Star for his actions. After acting on stage in regional theatre, he made his film debut in the Oscar-winning Western High Noon (1952) in a non-speaking outlaw cast role. With distinctive, angular features and a taciturn screen persona, Van Cleef was typecast as minor villain and supporting player in Westerns and crime dramas. After suffering serious injuries in a car crash, Van Cleef's acting career started to decline. He achieved stardom when Leone offered him the co-leading role in For a Few Dollars More.

Van Cleef appeared in films such as The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), The Big Gundown (1967), Death Rides a Horse (1967), Day of Anger (1967), Beyond the Law (1968), Commandos (also 1968), Sabata (1969) and its sequel Return of Sabata (1971), Barquero (1970), El Condor (also 1970), Captain Apache (1971),The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972), The Grand Duel (also 1972), Mean Frank and Crazy Tony (1973), The Stranger and the Gunfighter (1974), Take a Hard Ride (1975), God's Gun (1976), The Rip-Off (1978), television film The Hard Way (1979), The Octagon (1980), Escape from New York (1981), Code Name: Wild Geese (1984), and Armed Response (1986). He played the lead role of John Peter McAllister on the martial-arts television series The Master (1984).

Early life

Lee Van Cleef w

With a hefty 79 billion euros, the European Union hasn't forgotten science. Its ambitious H2020 framework program has been supporting research and transnational initiatives since 2013, the same year that the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, then headed by Geniève Fioraso, launched the Stars of Europe national competition to encourage French laboratories to take full advantage of this fund.

Each year, a scientific jury under the supervision of UMPC1 president Jean Chambaz, rewards 12 projects (for the European flag's 12 stars) coordinated by French teams. The 2017 ceremony was held on December 4th at the Musée du Quai Branly-Jacques Chirac in Paris, during the 4th Horizon 2020 Forum. Of the many laureates whose work reflects the will to develop initiatives across Europe, three are led by CNRS researchers.

Better climate models

As far as international cooperation goes, few topics require the involvement of such a large research community as climate change. Between the complex reports of the IPCC2 and the many international and interdisciplinary programs, this area of study needs solid international frameworks. IS-ENES23 is one such infrastructure that helps coordinate the work of the European research community specialized in climate modeling, which earned it a 2017 Stars of Europe award.

Sylvie Joussaume, senior researcher at the LSCE4 and former director of the CNRS's INSU,5 coordinates the project via the Pierre Simon Laplace Institute. A specialist in climate modeling, with a focus on ancient climates, she is perfectly aware of the field's many constraints.

"The three main aspects of climate modeling all require solid infrastructures. The models themselves are made up of numerical codes that are often very complex. Powerful computing resources are essential for creating the models, and managing the massive amount of data collected is key for shari